Multibeam laser metal deposition of pure copper on a titanium substrate with blue diode lasers for surface functionalization of dental implants

In this study, the multibeam laser metal deposition with blue diode lasers was employed to form a pure copper coating on a titanium substrate, aiming for high adhesive strength and low thermal effects. Through the experiment, a smooth coating with suppressed surface roughness and dilution rate was successfully formed. Furthermore, we compared these results with those obtained in our previous study on SS304 stainless steel substrates with similar properties to investigate the influence of substrate material. As a result, the coating on the SS304 substrate exhibited minimal dilution and high copper purity. In contrast, for the coating on a titanium substrate, Ti diffused up to the near-surface region, resulting in a lower purity of the copper coating. Based on this result, a comparison of the properties of SS304 and titanium suggested that differences in the diffusion distance during the period from molten layer formation to solidification, along with differences in density between molten layer and melted powder, affected the coating purity.