Challenges and Countermeasures for High-altitude and Long-runout Geological Hazards in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is a global region where high-altitude and long-runout geological hazards are highly developed，posing severe threats to the safety of mountainous towns and major engineering projects. This paper analyzes the occurrence and patterns of these hazards within the three major orogenic systems of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and their relationship with fault-controlled mountain systems predisposed to disaster. It explores four dynamic characteristics of the high-altitude and long-runout geological hazard chains：High-position exiting，long-runout disaster-forming，high-speed movement，and volume amplification due to blockage and subsequent breaching. The hazard process is divided into zones：The high-position initiation zone，the potential-kinetic energy transformation zone，the dynamic entrainment zone，and the liquefied-sliding/flow-sliding zone. Based on the hazard chain characteristics of these geological hazards in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau，this paper proposes a disaster prevention and mitigation countermeasures focusing on three aspects：Firstly，research on Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar （InSAR） technology and other for the early identification and monitoring & early warning of geological hazards in extremely high-altitude mountainous areas. Secondly，research on risk assessment methodologies for high-position and long-runout geological hazards based on their kinematic and dynamic disaster-forming mechanisms. Thirdly，research on a comprehensive technical system for disaster prevention，mitigation，response，and preparedness.