Data-driven frailty and reserve phenotypes in older outpatients: a cluster analysis of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment

These findings demonstrate the ability of CGA, combined with PCA-informed clustering, to identify clinically meaningful frailty and resilience patterns in older adults. The study highlights the role of educational attainment as a key factor contributing to clinical reserve; conversely, it showed that demographic characteristics, laboratory markers, and comorbidities align with frailty.