A study on carbon neutrality and its implementation in the agricultural sector: Carbon neutrality strategies through the use of large-scale machinery and cultivation practices in rice farming

This study examines the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity, the current status of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agriculture, and the environmental effects of large-scale agricultural machinery. It also reviews technological and policy strategies for achieving carbon neutrality in agriculture. Rising temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations influence crop growth and yields, underscoring the importance of region- and crop-specific adaptation measures. Major sources of GHG emissions include fertilizer use, machinery operation, and livestock management. The expansion of large machinery worsens soil compaction and degradation, reducing carbon sequestration capacity and long-term productivity. International carbon neutrality roadmaps, such as those proposed by the IEA, IRENA, and major economies, highlight energy demand reduction, decarbonization of power generation, electrification, and carbon capture as key strategies. These global approaches provide useful references for developing domestic agricultural policies. Achieving carbon neutrality in agriculture will require both technological innovation and institutional support. The adoption of eco-friendly and energy-efficient machinery, precision and smart farming technologies, and low-carbon practices must be accompanied by policy instruments such as farmer education, financial incentives, and carbon pricing. An integrated approach that combines technological, managerial, and policy efforts can simultaneously enhance productivity and environmental sustainability. This study provides comprehensive insights into designing effective carbon-neutral strategies for the agricultural sector and strengthening resilience to climate change.