A structured expert-based prioritization of barriers and measures to successful vehicle-to-grid deployment

Abstract Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) shows promising potential to provide substantial energy flexibilities from electric vehicles (EVs) to the electrical grid. Based on an expert workshop and subsequent ranking, this study identifies barriers and respective measures in the technical, regulatory, and economic domains to successful V2G deployment. The results show that particularly poor interoperability, high investment costs for the charging infrastructure, and fragmented regulatory frameworks are substantial barriers to successful V2G deployment. Therefore, interoperable standards of programming interfaces and data protocols for V2G that enable cross-manufacturer connection of charging infrastructure, energy management systems (EMS) and EV should be introduced, also to prevent vendor lock-in effects. Additional revenue streams from providing system services through aggregators, capacity remuneration mechanisms, and variable or reduced grid fees can be an additional source of income from V2G users. Regulatory frameworks specifically for V2G should be established to speed up deployment.