Configuring oscillator Ising machines as P-bit engines

Oscillator Ising machines (OIMs) and probabilistic bit (p-bit) platforms have emerged as promising non-Von Neumann paradigms for tackling hard computational problems. While OIMs realize gradient-flow dynamics, p-bit platforms operate through stochastic sampling. Although traditionally viewed as distinct approaches, this work presents a theoretically grounded framework for configuring OIMs as p-bit engines. We demonstrate that this functionality can be enabled through a novel interplay between first- and second harmonic injection to the oscillators. Our work identifies new synergies between the two methods and broadens the scope of applications for OIMs beyond combinatorial optimization problems to those that entail stochastic sampling. We further show that the proposed approach can be applied to other analog dynamical systems, such as the Dynamical Ising Machine. Oscillator Ising Machines and probabilistic bit platforms are emerging hardware approaches for solving hard computational problems, traditionally viewed as distinct non-von Neumann computing paradigms. This work demonstrates that by controlling the interplay between first- and second-harmonic injection, Oscillator Ising Machines can be configured to act as probabilistic samplers, extending their utility beyond combinatorial optimization to sampling-driven tasks.