A systematic review of the effects of brain-computer interface on lower limb motor function, balance function, and activities of daily living in stroke patients

Current evidence suggests that BCI-based interventions have a beneficial effect on lower limb motor function and activities of daily living in stroke patients. Interventions initiated during the acute or subacute phase, with a total dose exceeding 12 h, appear to be associated with superior outcomes. However, the certainty of this evidence is moderate to low, necessitating further validation. Future research should prioritize large-scale, high-quality randomized controlled trials to definitively establish the efficacy of BCI technology and elucidate its optimal implementation protocols.