Determinants of subclinical leprosy among household contacts in Indonesia: serological and socio-demographic factors

BCG vaccination status and visible BCG scars were key determinants of anti-PGL-1 seropositivity, suggesting complex interactions between vaccination, immune response, and exposure to <i>M. leprae</i>. The study highlights the protective role of BCG-induced immunity while emphasizing the need for standardized scar assessment and continuous surveillance of household contacts. Although limited by its cross-sectional and purposive design, the integration of immunological and epidemiological data represents a strength, providing evidence to support Indonesia's Zero Leprosy 2030 control strategy.