Advancing total synthesis through the Stille cross-coupling: recent innovations and case studies

The Stille reaction, a pivotal palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, continues to drive advancements in the total synthesis of highly complex natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials. Originating from <i>John K. Stille</i>'s foundational work, this method has evolved through innovations in catalysis, ligand design, and eco-friendly protocols to address challenges like tin toxicity. This review highlights its application in constructing complex molecules and emphasizes advancements in bond-forming strategies. The reaction's versatility in both intermolecular and intramolecular contexts, coupled with its functional group tolerance, underscores its enduring relevance in modern organic synthesis of naural products.