Targeting Helicobacter pylori enzymes using Viscum album L. extract: in silico molecular docking and in vitro study

<i>Viscum album</i> L. (mistletoe) is a hemiparasitic plant known for its wide range of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and lectins, which contribute to its diverse pharmacological properties. In the present study, we focused on identifying and quantifying the phenolic compounds present in <i>V. album</i> L. leaf extracts and evaluating their potential as inhibitors of key <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> enzymes through both <i>in silico</i> and <i>in vitro</i> approaches. Using molecular docking, we assessed the binding affinity and stability of selected mistletoe's phytochemicals with specific <i>H. pylori</i> targets, including peptide deformylase, shikimate pathway enzymes, and urease. Additionally, to complement the computational findings, we conducted an <i>in vitro</i> assay to evaluate the anti-urease activity of the crude <i>V. album</i> L. extract against the urease activity of <i>Proteus mirabilis</i>. The extract demonstrated significant inhibitory activity, indicating its potential as a natural urease inhibitor at a concentration of 0.0125 mg/mL, leading to a marked reduction in urease-mediated crystal formation in artificial urine. Furthermore, the extract exhibited broad-spectrum anti virulence effects by suppressing biofilm formation in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and inhibiting protease activity in <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. Together, these findings highlight <i>V. album</i> phenolics as promising dual-action natural inhibitors that not only target essential metabolic enzymes but also attenuate virulence factors critical for pathogenesis. This integrated strategy positions <i>V. album</i> as a strong candidate for the development of plant-based therapeutics against multidrug-resistant pathogens with possible applications in the treatment of <i>H. pylori</i>-related gastrointestinal disorders.