Binary mineral nanoparticles enable intravascular delivery of metal ions to tumors for metalloimmunotherapy

Although disruptions in metal ion homeostasis leading to severe cellular damage and regulated cell death are a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy, challenges in overloading these ions to tumor cells without premature release have limited their therapeutic applications. In this study, we develop binary mineral nanoparticles incorporating both Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ ions to enhance the cytotoxic effects of ion interference in cancer immunotherapy. Engineered using a microfluidic system for uniform size distribution and scalability, these nanoparticles exhibit pH-sensitive ion release. Systemically administered, they preferentially accumulate in tumors, elevating intracellular Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ levels and inducing immunogenic cell death without calcium channel activators or other small-molecule inducers. Our binary mineral nanoparticles significantly enhance antitumor immunity, especially when combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, leading to long-term immunity and inhibition of metastasis. This nanotechnology-enabled synergistic delivery of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ ions represents a promising adjunct to existing metalloimmunotherapy strategies for cancer eradication.