Factors influencing length of stay in orthopedic Class I incision surgery: development and validation of a nomogram using 31,248 patient records

The developed nomogram accurately predicts prolonged hospitalization risk in orthopedic patients with Class I incisions, integrating key determinants including age, surgical complexity, physiological status, and electrolyte levels. This tool demonstrates robust performance and offers tangible clinical utility for optimizing resource allocation and guiding personalized perioperative management.