A comprehensive assessment and strategies to improve landslide adaptation measures in detailed action plans for local climate change measures

The increase in localized heavy rainfall and intense storms due to climate change has led to a continuous rise in landslides. This study includes a full enumeration of detailed action plans for local climate change adaptation measures, the design of an integrated evaluation framework, and a comparison of municipalities’ scores with actual landslide occurrences during the planning/implementation period to assess planning-execution-outcome alignment. A four-quadrant classification of 226 local governments identified policy underperformance in 11 (4.9%), policy success in 55 (24.3%), neglected vulnerabilites in 15 (6.6%), and overlooked latent risks in 145 (64.2%). Several locales showed disconnect between designated vulnerable zones and observed events, and investments in adaptation did not consistently translate into reduced occurrences. Many plans list annual timelines but omit explicit target locations and a clear logic linking measure types to budget allocation, constraining spatial targeting and performance management. To improve effectiveness, plans should codify linkages from assessment results to specific measures, target areas (with coordinates), schedules, and budgets; balance structural and non-structural actions; and integrate high-resolution spatial and meteorological data, region-specific calibration, and history-based weights to refine vulnerable-area selection. Collaboration at watershed/small-region levels is also recommended. Policy decisions should rest primarily on verifiable scientific evidence, with stakeholder perception surveys used complementarily. With these steps, adaptation planning can move beyond diagnosis to an actionable system that measurably reduces landslide risk.