Trimodal cytological integration of micronuclei assay, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region staining, and cytomorphometry enhances diagnostic discrimination of canine gingival masses

The integration of cytomorphometry, AgNOR staining, and the micronuclei assay creates a strong, quantitative cytological framework that improves diagnostic accuracy for canine gingival masses. This three-part approach decreases subjective interpretation, enhances detection of malignant changes, and can easily be adapted to digital and AI-supported cytopathology systems in veterinary clinical practice.