Integrated evaluation of glycemic status, renal function, and bone metabolism markers in type 2 diabetes: Novel clinical correlations for early risk stratification

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlations among glycemic control parameters, renal function markers, and bone metabolism markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with T2DM (sample size) and controls. Glycemic indices (fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]), renal markers (urea, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]), and bone metabolism markers (osteocalcin, Vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone [PTH]) were measured and analyzed for correlations. Results: Vitamin D deficiency showed a significant positive correlation with poor glycemic control (higher HbA1c). Elevated PTH levels were associated with reduced eGFR, indicating renal stress. Osteocalcin demonstrated an inverse relationship with HbA1c, suggesting impaired bone turnover in uncontrolled diabetes. Conclusion: Integrated evaluation of glycemic, renal, and bone biomarkers enhances early risk stratification in T2DM and may guide personalized strategies for complication prevention and improved clinical management.