Organic Catalyzed Alcohol Nitrogen Alkylation Reaction (A Review)

In the fields of pharmaceuticals and functional materials, N-alkylation reactions using alcohols as starting materials are crucial for constructing C–N bonds. This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress in N-alkylation reactions using alcohols as starting materials, categorizing them into two major groups: transition metals and non-transition metals (including non-metal catalytic systems such as photocatalysis and enzymatic catalysis). It covers not only precious metal catalysts such as palladium, iridium, and ruthenium but also non-precious metal systems like manganese and copper. Additionally, it explores the breakthrough achievements of innovative strategies such as photo-cooperative catalysis and supercritical fluid technology, which are tailored to meet the demands of industrial applications. Special attention is given to the regulatory mechanisms of reaction selectivity through bimetallic synergistic effects and ligand engineering. The review highlights that current systems still face challenges such as poor recyclability and difficulty in chiral control. It proposes future development directions, including the development of sulfur-resistant carriers and intelligent screening technologies, and provides theoretical guidance and technical references for the green and efficient synthesis of N-alkylated products.