Optimal Capacity Configuration of Park Integrated Energy Systems With Inter‐Seasonal Flexible Load Participation Characteristics

ABSTRACT This study introduces an optimised capacity configuration for park integrated energy systems (PIES) to boost energy efficiency, ensure power supply reliability and economy, and advance low‐carbon operations. The approach integrates seasonal aspects and flexible load participation's impact on renewable energy absorption, using an enhanced K‐means clustering algorithm with mixed‐integer linear programming. It includes: (1) creating a probability density model from wind and solar data to categorise power generation scenarios across seasons; (2) integrating flexible loads into PIES optimisation, analysing technology combinations and output distributions; (3) developing a model for electricity, heat, and multi‐energy coupling to assess cross‐seasonal supply‐demand matching; (4) establishing an optimisation model for inter‐seasonal energy storage considering operational costs. Case studies confirm the benefits of seasonal factors, flexible load participation, energy coupling, storage, and seasonal dispatch on PIES efficiency and economy.