Recent Advances in Starch‐Based Nanocomposite for Heavy Metal Removal: Mechanisms, and Future Prospects

ABSTRACT Starch‐based nanoparticles/composites have now emerged as an innovative and environmentally friendly solution for the remediation of heavy metals from contaminated water and soil. Starch provides a numerous, cheap and non‐toxic matrix for the creation of sustainable adsorbent materials because it is derived from renewable and biodegradable sources. Starch‐based composites are very effective at adsorbing and immobilizing heavy metals like lead, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium because they have improved mechanical strength, thermal stability, and surface functionality when combined with reinforcing agents like natural fibers, clays, or biochar. Their adsorption efficiency is attributed to the presence of functional groups (–OH, –COOH) that facilitate metal ion binding through complexation and ion exchange mechanisms. Therefore, the present article thoroughly discusses the removal of heavy metals by starch‐based nanoparticle/adsorbent with detailed mechanisms of action and recent development. The present article also includes case studies where starch‐based nanoparticles have been used for contaminant removal with the development of nanotechnology. The review also highlights case studies on emerging pollutant remediation and explores future directions, including the integration of smart technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), and affordable solutions that are advancing environmental research.