A new look at blood biomarkers in Alzheimer’s patients

Alzheimer's disease (AD), as one of the leading causes of dementia in the world, is a neurodegenerative disease with a long pre-symptomatic period and the development of slowly progressive cognitive impairment. The rising number of patients diagnosed with AD and the socio-economic impacts of this condition necessitate the proactive identification and implementation of effective disease control methods in clinical practice. One of the key areas is the improvement of methods for the early diagnosis of AD, thus enabling therapeutic intervention at pre-dementia stages and further prevention of irreversible progressive degeneration of neuronal structures. Diagnosis of AD is based on a combination of clinical and neuroimaging data, as well as analysis of the spectrum of biological markers in cerebrospinal fluid. However, the use of this laboratory method in clinical practice is limited due to the low accessibility and invasive nature of the sampling procedure. Therefore, the study of blood biomarkers is a promising area for the diagnosis of the disease. The presented literature review addresses data on traditional blood biomarkers of AD diagnosis from the modern point of view for the pathogenesis of AD, and also summarizes the results of studies conducted to date on less studied blood biomarkers in AD, which have possible diagnostic potential for the development of cost-effective and affordable biomarkers for preclinical diagnosis.