B.M. Ishmuratov’s Concept of “Territorialization” in Modern Geopolitical Studies

This article examines the initial interpretation and contemporary development of “territorialization,” as introduced by B.M. Ishmuratov. This concept is indicative of the formation of areas of socioeconomic and geopolitical phenomena. The significance attributed by Ishmuratov to natural factors in this context is highlighted. From this standpoint, the Russian Federation is examined in terms of its differentiation with regard to security and vulnerability in relation to the primary sources of geopolitical risk. The aspects of security and vulnerability are considered as follows: the remoteness of a particular part of Russia from the borders with a state that is a source of geopolitical risk and the presence of natural factors in a given territory that hinder military operations against Russia. A historical overview of military invasions of Russia is provided, showing that these aspects of security and vulnerability have generally been of considerable importance. The assessment of neighboring states is conducted with a view to identify potential geopolitical risks. The smallest territorial unit for which this is applicable is a constituent entity of Russia. In order to determine the optimal location for the constituent entities of Russia, it is necessary to consider the distances from these administrative centers to the borders with the respective states, as well as the natural (orographic and hydrographic) conditions of the constituent entity. The constituent entities of Russia are classified according to their level of geographical security, with three groups identified: high, medium, and low exposure to geopolitical risks. It is noteworthy that the category of minimal exposure to geopolitical risks encompasses Eastern Siberia (with the exception of the Sayano-Altai region), the northern regions of the Urals, Western Siberia, and the Far East. This circumstance may be taken into account when planning the location of productive forces in the eastern macroregions of the country. This applies in particular to industries that are most dependent on geopolitical factors. This assertion is particularly pertinent in the context of industries that are highly reliant on geopolitical factors.