Methods for Protecting Turbofan Engines of Commercial Aircraft from Foreign Object Ingestion during Operation

The paper examines approaches to protecting turbofan engines of mainline aircraft from foreign object ingestion, which can be applied to aircraft already in operation. Modifications enabling aircraft to operate from unpaved airfields would significantly expand the range of expected operating conditions. The study presents an approach to applying modern methods of computational modeling to address the effects of vortex formation in front of low-mounted turbofan engines.