Synergistic antifungal activity and mechanism of piroctone olamine and sorbitan caprylate against <i>Malassezia restricta</i>

OCT-SC combinations exert strong antifungal activity against M. restricta by disrupting the cell membrane and inhibiting biofilm formation and reducing ergosterol content despite upregulation of related genes. The results highlight their potential as promising candidates for antifungal drug development. They may also serve as active ingredients in personal care products targeting skin diseases caused by M. restricta.