Adaptive and multifunctional nanomaterials for defence-grade EMI shielding

The rapid evolution of electronic warfare and communication systems has intensified the demand for adaptive, lightweight, and multifunctional electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials that meet defence-grade reliability standards. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in nanomaterials engineered for EMI shielding in defence and aerospace platforms. Particular attention is devoted to adaptive phase-change systems, such as VO 2 , high-temperature ferrites, and MXene–carbon hybrids, which combine EMI suppression with thermal management, structural integrity, and stealth functionality. We map how nanoscale architectures—from zero- to three-dimensional, including graded, laminated, and hierarchical designs—tune impedance, dielectric and magnetic losses, and percolation pathways to achieve the desired broadband absorption. The discussion connects microstructural design to macroscopic performance metrics such as reflection–absorption balance, mechanical robustness, and environmental durability within the framework of MIL-STD-461G, RTCA-DO-160G, and NATO STANAG-4370 standards. Emerging trends, including gradient interfaces, liquid-metal-assisted hybrids, and scalable fabrication routes (roll-to-roll, spray, and additive manufacturing), are highlighted for their potential to achieve broadband performance at low areal density. Despite substantial progress, challenges remain in ensuring long-term stability, sustainable production, and seamless integration of adaptive nanostructures into deployable defence systems. Looking ahead, the field is expected to converge with data-driven materials discovery, multiphysics modelling, and green manufacturing, enabling the development of reconfigurable, recyclable, and environmentally resilient EMI shields for next-generation military applications. • Provides a defence-focused synthesis of adaptive nanomaterials for EMI shielding. • Maps nanoscale architectures from 0D to 3D for broadband absorption control. • Highlights VO 2 , ferrites, and MXene–carbon hybrids for multifunctional performance. • Links shielding performance with MIL-STD, RTCA, and NATO qualification standards. • Discusses gradient interfaces and scalable fabrication of lightweight composites. • Identifies challenges and future routes for durable, sustainable EMI shields.