Midkine Promoter-Driven Lentiviral Delivery of PTEN for Human Bladder Cancer

Background: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer has a high recurrence rate, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. PTEN is a tumor suppressor that regulates cell proliferation and survival. The Midkine (MK) promoter, which is selectively active in cancer cells, offers a promising approach to gene therapy. This study investigated MK promoter-driven PTEN delivery using lentiviral vectors for selective bladder cancer treatment.