Green innovations and clean energy: a regional exploration of their dual impact on global ecological sustainability

This study investigates the impact of green technology innovation (GTI) and renewable energy consumption (REC) on the ecological footprint (EFP) of 126 countries over the period 2001–2022, employing a dynamic panel data approach using the two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation. By conducting a cross-regional analysis covering seven global regions, this study revealed significant heterogeneity in the environmental outcomes of green technological efforts. The findings reveal that, while GTI fosters technological advancement, it may paradoxically increase EFP through the rebound effect, particularly in rapidly industrializing economies. Conversely, REC consistently contributes to reducing EFP by promoting a transition to cleaner energy sources. These results underscore the need for region-specific policy strategies to maximize the ecological benefits of green technologies. Achieving sustainable development requires a balanced integration of technological innovation and renewable energy adoption tailored to the regional context. This study distinguishes itself by integrating a dynamic panel approach with cross-regional perspectives, offering nuanced policy insights to advance global environmental sustainability.