Textile-Reinforced Mortar (TRM) for retrofitting masonry structures: advantages, challenges and future potential

Abstract Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) has emerged as a promising technique for retrofitting masonry structures due to its distinct advantages over traditional methods, such as increased strength and deformation capacity, improved crack resistance, and enhanced durability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of TRM technologies, highlighting their advantages over traditional fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems, including improved fire resistance, reversibility, and compatibility with historic substrates. This paper also provide insights into the current state of knowledge, reviews the benefits, practical limitations, and future potential of TRM in retrofitting applications. The benefits include its lightweight nature, ease of application, and compatibility with various substrate materials, making it suitable for a wide range of masonry structures. Practical limitations, such as the need for skilled application and concerns over long-term performance, are also discussed critically. Lastly, the study explores recent innovations in textile materials and eco-friendly mortars, emphasizing the role of TRM in advancing sustainable construction practices. By identifying current challenges and future research directions, this work aims to support the broader adoption of TRM systems in both heritage conservation and modern structural engineering.