Carbon Storage Technology and Monitoring Strategies for Malaysia: A Review

Rising global temperatures and intensifying climate extremes in 2024, as reported by the World Meteorological Organisation, underscore the urgent need for effective carbon management solutions. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a strategic technology for meeting the net zero carbon emission target of Malaysia by 2050. This study reviews the technical readiness and monitoring strategies of leading CCS projects worldwide, including Sleipner (Norway), Quest (Canada) and Aquistore (Canada), with a particular focus on site characterisation, injection operations and long-term containment monitoring. By analysing these global case studies, the paper identifies key insights into measurement, monitoring and verification (MMV) systems such as seismic imaging, distributed acoustic sensing and pressure tomography that are essential for secure and effective CO2 storage. The review highlights both challenges and successes across a range of geological storage sites, emphasising the need for advanced predictive modelling techniques and the development of standardised regulatory frameworks to ensure long term storage security. These lessons provide a foundation for strengthening carbon storage capabilities in Malaysia, particularly at offshore sites which are progressing towards operational readiness. The paper concludes that further integration of advanced monitoring technologies and comprehensive predictive modelling is critical to reinforce long-term containment assurance. Adoption of comprehensive, end-to-end carbon storage processes aligned with international best practices will enhance stakeholder confidence. These strategies will support a substantial transition to a low carbon energy system and contribute significantly to achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050.