Distribution of landfast, drift and glacier ice in Hornsund, Svalbard

Abstract. Co-occurring landfast, drift and glacier ice in fjords respond to climate differently and have diverse impacts on the environment. Here we describe a new method to separate ice types in fjord environments on 2639 binary satellite-derived ice/open water maps at 50 m resolution. We used a set of thresholds to create near-daily maps of landfast, drift and glacier ice of Hornsund, Svalbard over 11.5 years (2 January 2012 to 29 June 2023). The ice was first divided into stationary and moving classes based on persistence in space (pixels) through time. The ice was then polygonised and the polygons were ascribed a set of parameters describing their class, time, size and location. Temporal and spatial constraints were imposed on landfast ice. Drift and glacier ice were split based on timing, location and size. Finally, the data were re-rasterized and refined at the pixel level. Over the 11.5 years, the fjord ice was classified as 53 % drift, 35 % landfast, 8.5 % glacier, 1.4 % uncertain ice type while 2.1 % was masked due to radar shadows. There was a great interannual variability in the length of sea ice and landfast ice seasons, and in ice type extent, with no clear long-term trend. Statistically significant negative correlation existed between the water temperature in the winter months (January–March) and the length of the sea ice and landfast ice season, as well as between the air temperature in winter months and sea ice and landfast ice coverage. Glacier ice coverage depended on air temperature in summer months (July–September) and water temperature autumn months (October–December) where lower temperatures enhanced ice persistence. The method can be adapted to other areas and used in a wide range of analyses including fjord hydrography, nearshore wave transformation or ecological studies.