Azobenzene as an Anti-microbial Scaffold: A Comprehensive Review

Azobenzene derivatives, characterized by their unique -N=N- azo linkage, which imparts unique structural and functional properties, have garnered significant attention in the development of antimicrobial agents. The goal of this review is to showcase the latest advancements in antimicrobial compounds that result from combining azo compounds with biologically active functional groups, heterocyclic molecules, or coordinating with metal complexes, which have inherent antibacterial and antifungal properties. This review focuses on the antimicrobial potential of substituted azobenzene derivatives, particularly those incorporating heterocyclic rings and metal complexes, which enhance their biological activity by improving interactions with microbial membranes, enzymes, and DNA. The objective of the present review is to systematize and compile information from multiple research papers on the antimicrobial activity of azobenzene derivatives. The review highlights novel azo compounds that exhibit strong antifungal and antibacterial properties, especially their ability to effectively combat bacterial and fungal infections. Overall, azobenzene derivatives, especially those with heterocyclic substitutions and metal complexes, represent a versatile and promising approach for developing next-generation antimicrobial agents to address the global challenge of microbial resistance. This review provides an overview of both traditional and modern synthetic strategies, discussing their advantages and limitations as well as sustainable and efficient alternatives towards green chemistry. This review also emphasizes the multifunctional applications of antimicrobial azobenzene derivatives, including their use in medical coatings, water purification, food preservation, and antimicrobial peptides.