A Comprehensive Review on Electrospinning: Mechanisms, Functional Modifications and the Importance of Nanofiber Systems

Nanofibers have attracted growing attention due to their unique characteristics and superior properties, positioning them as next-generation materials for applications in industry, healthcare, environmental protection and energy systems. Among the available fabrication techniques, electrospinning has emerged as a highly efficient method for producing nanofibers with a high aspect ratio, large surface area and significant porosity. Nevertheless, electrospun nanofibers often face challenges such as poor mechanical strength, limited functional performance and thermal instability. To overcome these limitations, researchers have developed a variety of strategies, including the fabrication of composites, polymer blends and functionalized nanofibers tailored for specific applications. By combining electrospinning technology with advances in nanomaterials and innovative modification techniques, nanofibers with enhanced properties have been successfully engineered. This review not only incorporates the latest progress in the production and applications of modified and composite nanofibers but also outlines a chronological perspective on advancements across multiple domains. It further examines how different electrospinning methods influence nanofiber morphology and provides a comprehensive overview of modification strategies. The continued development of electrospun nanofiber technology underscores its adaptability and potential to address diverse challenges across scientific and industrial fields.