Integrating agronomy into the framework of Sustainable Development Goals: a review

Agronomy plays a foundational role in advancing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by providing effective solutions to some of the most critical problems facing the world today, including hunger, poverty, global warming, and natural resource degradation. Agronomic practices directly support several SDGs viz . Zero Hunger (SDG 2), Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6), Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7), Climate Action (SDG 13), and Life on Land (SDG 15) through improved crop productivity, greater resource use efficiency, and enhanced environmental sustainability. Precision farming, integrated water and nutrient management, conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and crop diversification are not widely adopted but are essential for restoring the soil health, enhancing resource-use efficiency, and building climate resilience. Case studies and empirical evidence from India and the Kumaun Himalayas, and Telangana demonstrate the transformative impact of climate-resilient technologies and agroecological interventions in enhancing yield, income, and ecosystem services. Some of the measurable benefits of conservation agriculture practices include water savings, increased productivity and enhanced soil carbon levels. Furthermore, the integration of digital technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and Geographic Information System (GIS) into the agronomic system offers new opportunities for increasing accuracy, decision making and long-term sustainability. In the future, agronomy must be embedded within the national and global development strategies using strong policy frameworks, interdisciplinary research, farmer-centered extension systems such as Farmer Field Schools and international cooperation. As a science that bridges ecological balance, economic growth, and social inclusion, agronomy provides a systemic pathway toward a sustainable and resilient agri-food future. Its role is both technical and strategic, empowering communities and shaping policies to achieve the 2030 SDG Agenda.