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Urea-enhanced solubilization of lithium nitrate for improved lithium metal cycling: experimental and molecular dynamics investigationThis work reveals how urea enables full LiNO3 dissolution and reshapes Li + solvation toward an inorganic-rich environment, leading to simultaneous stabilization of both Li metal anode and NMC811 cathode.Through hydrogen-bond-assisted molecular coordination, urea enhances interfacial protection, suppresses parasitic reactions, and supports fast, uniform ion transport.The study demonstrates a unifi ed, scalable strategy for long-life, highenergy lithium metal batteries.