Inhomogeneity of noradrenaline levels in syringe pump systems and how to prevent it: an in vitro study

Commercial pre-mixed products guarantee homogeneity but are costly. Comparable safety and consistency can be achieved with the Bubble-Flip method - a simple syringe inversion in the presence of 5 mL air. In contrast, manual preparation without proper mixing produced unsafe variability. These findings support the adoption of standardised mixing techniques to ensure reliable drug delivery and patient safety, with principles likely generalisable to other intravenously administered drugs requiring dilution.