Therapeutic effect and underlying mechanism of emodin on renal injury

: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is defined as an abrupt decrease in kidney function, which encompasses both injury and impairment and without treatment ultimately leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a major public health concern linked to high mortality and morbidity. The biological significance of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, which are abundant in plants and foods and consist of thousands of plant compounds with a common structural component, has drawn a lot of interest. Traditional Chinese herbal medicinal plant has been shown to have a considerable impact on the prevention and treatment of renal fibrosis and inflammation, according to pharmacological and pharmacokinetic data backed by evidence. Emodin (dà huáng sù), an anthraquinone component found in traditional Chinese herb such as rhubarb (dà huáng) that has variety of pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammation, antibacterial, and immunosuppressive properties. This review discusses recent studies on the significant roles of emodin in activating multiples signaling pathway for treating kidney injury and its complications. : Using predefined keywords linked to "emodin," "acute kidney injury," "diabetic nephropathy," "chronic kidney diseases," "multi-target therapy," and "signalling pathways," a comprehensive literature search was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar. To assess pharmacological pathways and therapeutic effects, eligible studies were screened and synthesised in accordance with PRISMA criteria. : Modern pharmacological studies demonstrate that emodin exhibits significant AKI and CKD benefits through multiple mechanisms of action. Numerous studies have demonstrated that emodin downregulated oxidative stress and inflammation via mir-490/P53/AMPK/mTOR/CAMKII/DRP1/PGC-1α/Nrf2/ EZH2/H3k27me3 signalling pathways derived from in vitro and in vivo studies. The modern pharmacological research findings that traditional applications, highlighting emodin as a key active component responsible for the observed therapeutic effects of kidney injury. : Emodin's diverse pharmacological properties have made it a promising treatment for chronic kidney damage. Emodin can greatly lessen kidney damage and inflammation while strengthening the antioxidant defence system. Through the mir-490/P53/AMPK/mTOR/CAMKII/DRP1/PGC-1α/Nrf2/EZH2/H3k27me3 signalling pathway, emodin suppresses inflammatory responses in renal cells. Strong antioxidative properties of the emodin prevent oxidative stress, which is a major contributor to both AKI and the advancement of CKD. : The study substantiates and confirms the therapeutic effect of emodin as renal protective agent but lack of kidney stone related work and in the field of future direction for omics on renal therapy. A new therapeutic strategy requires a better understanding of the cellular and molecular processes underlying how emodin affect the onset and progression of AKI as well as CKD.