Virtual and augmented reality in contemporary orthopedics: From simulation to the operating room

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies are redefining the landscape of orthopedic surgery by enhancing surgical education, preoperative planning, intraoperative navigation, and postoperative rehabilitation. These immersive tools provide surgeons with spatially rich environments to rehearse procedures, interact with patient-specific anatomical models, and perform operations with enhanced precision. Intraoperative AR applications, in particular, have demonstrated potential to improve accuracy while minimizing reliance on conventional imaging. In rehabilitation settings, VR-based platforms promote patient engagement and functional recovery through interactive and gamified experiences. While extended reality (XR) is increasingly integrated into clinical workflows, barriers such as hardware limitations, cost, and lack of high-quality clinical evidence remain. Nonetheless, the growing body of early clinical experience highlights its feasibility, safety, and impact. Extended reality is no longer a theoretical promise; it is a practical tool that is actively reshaping orthopedic care. Further studies are needed to guide the safe and effective expansion into routine surgical practice. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic studies - investigating the results of treatment.