Assessment of Long-Term Land Cover and Vegetation Trends Using NDVI and CORINE Data: A Case Study from Slovakia

The study and understanding of spatial and temporal changes in the landscape is essential for assessing environmental trends and predicting future developments in the area. Changes in land cover and vegetation dynamics are key indicators of the ecological stability of an area. This study analyzes long-term changes in land cover and vegetation dynamics in Jelšava and neighboring municipalities. The selected area has long been classified as one of the areas with poor air quality in Slovakia. The analysis is based on data from the CORINE Land Cover program for the period 1990–2018 and Landsat data from 1990 to 2025. The condition and vitality of vegetation were assessed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), while temporal trends were assessed using non-parametric Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope tests. The results show a decrease in the area of class 31—Forests between 2012 and 2018, accompanied by an increase in the area of class 324—Transitional woodland–shrub. Analysis of the NDVI confirmed a slightly positive trend in vegetation cover development, with statistically significant growth (p < 0.05) recorded on approximately 43% of the territory. The combination of remote sensing data and spatial analysis in a GIS environment has proven to be an effective approach to monitoring ecological dynamics and provides valuable insights for regional environmental management and sustainable land use planning.