Transparent GelMA biomaterials: Advanced solutions for ocular tissue engineering and regenerative ophthalmology

The complex and sensitive nature of ocular tissues demands innovative biomaterials for effective repair and regeneration. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel has emerged as a highly promising candidate due to its excellent biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, and adaptability to advanced fabrication techniques like 3D bioprinting. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of GelMA's applications across key areas of ocular surface therapy. It first covers its role in sutureless repair of corneal and conjunctival injuries, where photocurable adhesives offer rapid wound closure. A major focus is on artificial cornea development, detailing strategies for enhancing mechanical strength, incorporating bioactive components and utilizing 3D/4D printing to mimic native corneal architecture. Furthermore, GelMA serves as an effective platform to treat limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) and as a drug-eluting system for managing keratitis and dry eye, featuring stimuli-responsive release mechanisms. However, challenges remain, including immune response concerns, long-term biosafety of photoinitiators, and the lack of standardized manufacturing protocols. GelMA represents a versatile foundation for next-generation ophthalmic biomaterials. Future progress hinges on establishing long-term safety profiles, developing intelligent composites with precise spatiotemporal control, and overcoming the regulatory and scalability hurdles associated with personalized, cell-based therapies. This review aims to guide the translational pathway of GelMA from laboratory innovation to clinical reality.