AI-Integrated smart sensing for strength forecasting and durability monitoring of sustainable blended concrete systems

Concrete is a material that is used universally in construction and it is in transformation to meet two pressing needs which include construction efficiency and environmental sustainability. Among many others, the alternative of replacing fine aggregate with waste rubber, especially crumb rubber that is obtained as an end-of-life tires discard, is a dual-benefit solution: it will decrease the environmental degradation caused by the disposal of rubber, but also decrease the excessive dependence on natural sand. The paper explores the mechanical performance and sustainability of the case whereby fine aggregate is replaced by different sizes and ratios of waste tire rubber in concrete. Based on recent studies and the experimental studies, the paper reviews the impact of rubber inclusion on compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths, and freeze- thaw resistance, abrasion durability and long-term deformation properties. Experimental evidence shows a tendency of lower compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, which can be explained by lower stiffness of rubber but contrary positive changes in energy absorption, impact resistance, and durability were also noted. Closed porosity is also better incorporated with the use of rubber and therefore resists cracking under cyclic loading conditions. The research also reveals that the ideal particle gradation and replacement percentages (usually 5-15) can provide an achievable balance between retention and sustainability benefits of the strength. Also, SEM and chemical analysis can prove that there is proper bonding between rubber particles and cementitious base by using proper surface treatments. This piece of work highlights the possibilities of using crumb rubber as an aggregate into concrete by replacing fine aggregates. It provides a viable future line of approach in line with the principles of the circular economy, thereby aiding the decrease in solid waste pools and at the same time aiding in the development of eco- friendly infrastructure.