Mapping geopolitical dynamics of vessel typology in Qing-era Guangdong via export paintings-based computational text analysis

Abstract Existing studies have primarily focused on how the functional evolution of vessels responded to external demands, and many have overlooked the influence of regional institutional contexts and global trade networks. Drawing on computational text analysis via KH Coder, this study analyzes 24 vessel typology cases to examine the geopolitical forces that shaped the structural and functional transformation of Guangdong vessels from the 15th to the 20th century. The evolution of ship types in Qing-era Guangdong reflected not only strategic responses to maritime prohibition policies, external threats, and port conditions, but also embodied a gradual shift in design logic—from broad-beamed flat bottoms, to elongated and agile forms, and ultimately to wind-resistant stability. Economic and military imperatives served as primary drivers, while geographic location and shipbuilding techniques functioned as key supporting variables. Together, these factors shaped the distinctive typologies and adaptive mechanisms of Guangdong merchant vessels within the global maritime system.