Artificial intelligence, extended reality, and emerging AI–XR integrations in medical education

Current evidence on AI, XR, and emerging AI-XR integrations suggests promising but preliminary benefits for learning and performance. The small number of fully integrated AI-XR interventions and the methodological limitations of many primary studies substantially limit the certainty and generalizability of these findings. Future research should use more rigorous and standardized designs, explicitly compare AI-only, XR-only, and AI-XR hybrid approaches, and be coupled with faculty development, robust technical support, and alignment with competency-based assessment.