A Novel Radiation-Free Navigation Method for Robotic Pedicle Screw Placement Using Three-Dimensional Printed Guide Templates: A Cadaveric Study

3D-printed navigation guide plates enable accurate, radiation-free robot-assisted thoracic pedicle screw placement. Surgical efficiency improved markedly with experience, supporting the technique as a safe alternative to conventional image-guided methods. This study involves no ionizing radiation in its methodology and transforms the traditional registration process for robots, making it safe and efficient.