Case Report: diffuse entire gastrointestinal tract involvement of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma harboring JAK-STAT pathway mutations in an adolescent with leukemoid reaction

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) is an aggressive mature T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Its typical characteristics include positive CD30 and ALK expression detected by immunohistochemistry, and it is often accompanied by ALK gene translocation, among which the chromosomal translocation t (2;5) is the most common. This disease predominantly affects young individuals, with extranodal involvement being relatively common. However, cases involving the digestive tract are relatively rare. We report a rare case of a 14-year-old female with ALK+ALCL presenting with fever and peripheral blood leukocytosis as initial manifestations and complicated by diffuse involvement of the entire gastrointestinal tract. The patient showed significant remission having completed 4 chemotherapy sessions. In further studies, RNA sequencing confirmed the presence of <i>NPM1::ALK</i> gene fusion in this case; whole-exome sequencing (WES) detected somatic mutations in multiple genes of the JAK-STAT pathway (including <i>JAK1, PTPN6, MTOR</i>, and <i>TYK2</i>). It is noteworthy that such genetic alterations are more commonly observed in ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK-ALCL) but are less commonly reported in ALK+ALCL.