21 01 Base Architecture Brain Glioblastoma IDH-wild type

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) IDH-wildtype represents the most aggressive primary brainmalignancy, with median survival of 15 months despite maximal therapy . Standard treatment (surgical resection + temozolomide + radiotherapy) achieves only transient responses, withnear-universal recurrence driven by adaptive resistance mechanisms . Single-agent targetedtherapies and immunotherapies have largely failed in GBM, suggesting fundamental misunderstanding of the underlying system architecture .