Tumor microenvironment-driven microRNA dysregulation: Key interactions in colorectal cancer progression

Colorectal cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite notable advances in early detection and therapeutic strategies, the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor survival, chemotherapy resistance, and metastasis are not yet fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of cancer development, as they modulate gene expression and orchestrate key signaling pathways. However, the epigenetic mechanisms that control miRNA expression and their downstream gene targets remain largely unclear. In this review, we highlight the critical role of the colorectal cancer microenvironment in influencing miRNA expression and discuss how this regulation contributes to tumorigenesis. A better understanding of these processes may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and strategies to prevent recurrence.