Multidimensional Strategies for Enhancing Silicon-System Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: From Half Cells to Full Cells

With the increasing demand for high energy density and long cycle life in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), driven by the rapid expansion of electric vehicles and mobile electronics, silicon (Si) anodes have emerged as a highly promising candidate for next-generation battery systems. This is due to their exceptional theoretical specific capacity, low operating potential, and abundant natural reserves. However, significant challenges remain, including severe volume expansion (>300%) during electrochemical processes, low intrinsic conductivity, and poor interfacial stability, which have collectively hindered their commercialization. This comprehensive review addresses these challenges by first elucidating the fundamental Li⁺ storage and failure mechanisms of Si anodes. It then proposes multidimensional improvement strategies, focusing on active material modification and battery system optimization to enhance the performance of Si and Si-based anodes in lithium-ion half cells. Furthermore, the review systematically examines the progress and challenges of Si-system anodes in full-cell configurations, provides targeted improvement paths, and offers insights into future development directions. By integrating the latest research advancements, this review aims to provide valuable theoretical guidance for further research and industrial development in the field of Si-system anodes for LIBs, ultimately facilitating their practical application in high-energy-density batteries.