Emerging technologies for early risk stratification and precision management of diabetic kidney disease: a multimodal framework integrating digital phenotypes and clinical biomarkers

The integration of traditional clinical markers, digital TCM-derived phenotypes, and multi-omics data represents a promising paradigm for early, personalized, and dynamic DKD care. Future research should focus on external validation, impact on hard end points, and equitable deployment across real-world settings. This approach may help close the current diagnostic and therapeutic gaps in DKD management.