JAK Inhibitors as a Novel Approach to Autoimmune Bullous Diseases: A Review

Autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBDs) are a group of chronic disorders characterized by blister formation resulting from abnormal immune responses. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have emerged as promising therapeutic agents for AIBDs. This review discusses the use of JAK inhibitors—such as upadacitinib, baricitinib, tofacitinib, and abrocitinib, among others—in the management of various AIBDs. We examine clinical evidence supporting their efficacy in conditions including bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus foliaceus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, paraneoplastic pemphigus, and other blistering diseases. Additionally, the review covers histological findings related to JAK inhibition, the role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in AIBD pathogenesis and treatment, and the therapeutic benefits of different JAK inhibitors. Finally, we highlight the potential of these agents to improve clinical outcomes, while also acknowledging the limitations of existing research.