Multimodal TOR interfaces for L3 autonomous vehicles: a tradeoff analysis of driver trust, cognitive load, and takeover efficiency
Optimal TOR performance stems from strategic function allocation across modalities: utilizing auditory and haptic channels to issue emergency alerts while simultaneously using the visual channel for contextual information. This multimodal functional complementarity approach effectively balances trust, cognitive load, and efficiency, providing theoretical support for designing human-machine interfaces in next-generation autonomous vehicles.
Authors
- Jiachen Gong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8550-0891)
- Qi Guo
- Yitao Yang
Institutions
- East China University of Science and Technology (CN)
- University College London (GB)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Traffic Injury Prevention
- Published
- 2026-01-08
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2025.2596847
- Primary Topic
- Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00