Effects of D’General Bitters on sperm quality, reproductive hormones, and testicular histology in adult Wistar rats

Background: Polyherbal formulations are widely used across Nigeria to manage male reproductive health concerns. D’General Bitters, a popular alcoholic herbal drink, is commonly consumed for its alleged aphrodisiac effects, but its impact on male fertility remains unclear. Objective: This study evaluated the effects of D’General Bitters on sperm characteristics, reproductive hormones, and testicular histoarchitecture in adult male Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 5). Group A (control) received distilled water, while Groups B, C, and D received 0.2 mL, 0.4 mL, and 0.8 mL of D’General Bitters daily for six weeks. After treatment, serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone levels were measured via ELISA. Sperm motility, count, and morphology were assessed, and testicular tissues were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological evaluation. Results: Sperm motility and total sperm count did not differ significantly among groups. However, Group C showed a significant reduction in normal sperm morphology and an increase in abnormal forms. All treated groups exhibited significantly elevated FSH levels and markedly reduced testosterone levels compared to the control. Histological analysis revealed intact seminiferous tubules in all groups, though the density of mature spermatids varied across treatment groups. Conclusion: Although D’General Bitters did not cause overt structural damage to the testes, it significantly disrupted hormonal balance and sperm morphology, raising concerns over its potential reproductive toxicity with prolonged use.