Review of Existing Literature on the Impact of Green Supply Chain Management Practices on Organisational Performance

Background: Green supply chain management (GSCM) has gained prominence as more organisations seek to strike a balance between the objectives of sustainable operations and financial performance. The importance of understanding the implications of GSCM practices for organisational outcomes is increasing, given mounting environmental pressures and the need to compete globally. Objective: This research assesses the impact of GSCM practices on the organisation's economic, environmental, social, and operational performance, and identifies key themes, theoretical considerations, and gaps in the literature. Methodology: The systematic literature review method was employed. Overall, 60 peer-reviewed articles published in the last 12 years (2013-2025) were retrieved from major academic databases, including Emerald Insight, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Wiley. Strict cleaning and screening were based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The thematic synthesis was used as one of the data analysis techniques, with the emphasis on sampling characteristics and conceptual frameworks, methodological designs and reported outcomes. Consistency of the reviewed research, as well as the validity and reliability of the studies, were taken into consideration to ensure the trustworthiness of the findings. Results: As indicated in the review, GSCM practices are effective in enhancing operational efficiency, environmental performance, social responsibility, and economic performance. Firm size, organisational capabilities, institutional pressures, and supply chain integration are among the factors that moderate the effectiveness of GSCM practices. Conclusion: GSCM has continued to be a strategic force towards sustainable and organisational performance. Results attest to their important role in improving financial performance and environmental regulation. Unique Contribution: The research integrates emerging knowledge to provide a universal model of the complex nature of GSCM effects. It offers theoretical clarity, reveals emerging themes and creates gaps that will be filled by future research. Key Recommendation: Future research should involve cross-industry comparative experiences, sophisticated modelling, and an examination of the impact of digital technologies on the efficacy of GSCM.